Government WAEC 2025 Questions And Answers

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Government WAEC 2025 Questions And Answers

Answer four questions in all, choosing any two questions from Section A and any two questions from Section B.

All questions carry equal marks.

Question 1: Discuss five ways in which the mass media can play a vital role in making democratic governance work in Nigeria

(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Providing Information: The mass media gives people news and information about what is happening in the government. This helps citizens know about new policies, government actions, and important events. When people are well-informed, they can participate better in democracy.

(ii) Educating the Public: The media helps to explain difficult political and economic issues in a simple way that everyone can understand. This education helps people know their rights and duties as citizens, and understand how the government works. This knowledge is important for a healthy democracy.

(iii) Acting as a Watchdog: The media keeps an eye on the government and other powerful people to make sure they do not abuse their power. Investigative journalists can uncover corruption and wrongdoing, which helps to hold leaders accountable and promotes honesty and transparency in governance.

(iv) Providing a Platform for Discussion: The media provides a space for people to discuss and debate various issues. Through talk shows, opinion columns, and social media, different opinions can be shared. This helps to create a culture of dialogue and helps people to understand different perspectives.

(v) Encouraging Political Participation: By covering elections, political campaigns, and other democratic activities, the media encourages people to take part in politics. It gives information about candidates and political parties, helping voters to make informed decisions and participate actively in the political process.

(vi) Setting the Agenda: The media can highlight important issues that need attention, such as human rights, social justice, and development. By focusing on these issues, the media can influence what the government prioritizes and help bring about necessary changes.

(vii) Connecting the Government and the People: The media acts as a bridge between the government and the citizens. It communicates government policies and plans to the people and brings the people’s concerns and feedback to the government. This two-way communication is essential for a responsive and accountable government.

(viii) Promoting Unity and Peace: Nigeria is a diverse country with many ethnic groups and religions. The media can promote unity and peace by highlighting stories that celebrate diversity and encourage tolerance and understanding. This helps to reduce conflicts and promotes national unity.

Question 2: Identify and explain five reasons for which civil society organizations are considered a major stakeholder in the governance structure of Nigeria.

(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Advocacy and Policy Influence: Civil society organizations play a critical role in advocating for policy changes and influencing government decisions. They bring attention to issues that may be overlooked by the government, such as human rights, environmental protection, and social justice.

(ii) Monitoring and Accountability: Civil society organizations act as watchdogs by monitoring government actions and holding public officials accountable. They ensure transparency and help combat corruption by exposing malpractices and pushing for reforms.

(iii) Public Awareness and Education: These organizations engage in educating the public about their rights and responsibilities, as well as the workings of government. This empowers citizens to participate more actively in the democratic process and to demand better governance.

(iv) Service Delivery: Many Civil society organizations provide essential services, particularly in areas where the government is unable to reach or is inefficient. They often operate in sectors such as health, education, and emergency relief, thereby supplementing government efforts.

(v) Mobilization and Representation: Civil society organizations mobilize citizens and represent their interests, especially marginalized and vulnerable groups. They provide a platform for diverse voices to be heard in the governance process, promoting inclusive development.

(vi) Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding: Civil society organizations often engage in conflict resolution and peacebuilding activities. They work at the grassroots level to mediate disputes, promote dialogue, and foster community cohesion, contributing to national stability.

(vii) Innovation and Research: These organizations contribute to governance by conducting research and developing innovative solutions to societal problems. Their insights and findings can inform government policies and programs, making them more effective and responsive to citizens’ needs.

(viii) Empowering Citizens: Civil society organizations empower citizens by providing them with the skills, knowledge, and resources needed to participate effectively in governance. Through capacity-building programs, they help individuals and communities to become more self-reliant and proactive in addressing their issues.

Question 4(a): Highlight three ways in which the judicial arm of government sustains democracy

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i)Protection of Rights and Liberties: The judiciary ensures that the rights and freedoms of individuals are upheld by interpreting and enforcing constitutional laws. This protects citizens from any arbitrary actions by the government.

(ii)Checks and Balances: The judiciary acts as a check on the other branches of government (executive and legislative) by reviewing and potentially invalidating laws and executive actions that are unconstitutional.

(iii)Upholding Rule of Law: By ensuring that laws are fairly and consistently applied, the judiciary reinforces the principle of rule of law, which is fundamental to a democratic society.

(iv)Dispute Resolution: The judiciary provides a mechanism for the peaceful resolution of disputes, whether between individuals, organizations, or between citizens and the state, thereby maintaining social order.

(v)Independence: An independent judiciary free from political influence can make impartial decisions that protect democratic principles and prevent the abuse of power by other branches of government.

Question (4b): Examine three ways by which the executive arm of government can be put to check in a democracy.

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i)Legislative Oversight: The legislature can oversee and scrutinize the actions of the executive branch through various means such as investigations, hearings, and requiring executive officials to report on their activities.

(ii)Judicial Review: Courts can review the actions of the executive branch to ensure they comply with the constitution and other legal frameworks.Unconstitutional actions can be invalidated by the judiciary.

(iii)Impeachment: The legislative body has the power to impeach and remove from office executive officials, including the president, if they commit serious offenses or violate the constitution.

(iv)Media and Public Opinion: A free press and active civil society can hold the executive accountable by investigating and reporting on government activities, thus informing and mobilizing public opinion against any abuse of power.

(v) Elections: Regular, free, and fair elections allow the electorate to hold the executive accountable by voting them out of office if they are dissatisfied with their performance. This ensures that the executive remains responsive to the needs and desires of the populace.

Question 5: Outline five ways in which citizens can checkmate political office holders in Nigeria.

(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Voting and Electoral Participation: Citizens can hold political office holders accountable by actively participating in elections. Voting for candidates based on their performance and integrity can ensure that only deserving individuals are elected. Additionally, running for office or supporting credible candidates can help improve the quality of leadership.

(ii) Engaging in Public Protests and Demonstrations: Peaceful protests and demonstrations are powerful tools for citizens to express their dissatisfaction with the actions or policies of political office holders. These activities can draw attention to issues and pressure the government to address them.

(iii) Utilizing Social Media and Digital Platforms: Social media platforms provide citizens with a means to voice their opinions, share information, and mobilize support for various causes. By using these tools, citizens can highlight issues, demand accountability, and engage with a broader audience, including international observers.

(iv) Participating in Civil Society Organizations: Joining or supporting CSOs that focus on governance, human rights, and accountability can amplify citizens’ efforts to monitor and challenge political office holders. CSOs often have the expertise, resources, and networks to effectively advocate for transparency and good governance.

(v) Filing Freedom of Information Requests: The Freedom of Information Act allows citizens to request information from public institutions. By filing such requests, citizens can obtain data on government activities, expenditures, and decisions, which can be used to hold political office holders accountable.

(vi) Attending Town Hall Meetings and Public Hearings: Citizens can attend town hall meetings, public hearings, and other forums where they can directly interact with political office holders. These platforms provide opportunities to ask questions, raise concerns, and demand explanations for government actions.

(vii) Petitions and Legal Actions: Citizens can submit petitions to government bodies or take legal action against political office holders who engage in misconduct or violate laws. Legal mechanisms provide a formal way to address grievances and seek redress.

(viii) Supporting Investigative Journalism: By supporting and promoting investigative journalism, citizens can help expose corruption, mismanagement, and other forms of malpractice among political office holders. Journalists often rely on tips and information from the public to conduct their investigations.

Question 6: Judging from the negative impact of the major political crises in Nigeria, explain five reasons for which peace education is vital to the state.

(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Conflict Resolution Skills: Peace education equips individuals with the skills to manage and resolve conflicts peacefully. This is particularly important in Nigeria, where political crises have often escalated into violent confrontations. By teaching negotiation, mediation, and dialogue techniques, peace education helps prevent conflicts from becoming violent.

(ii) Promotion of Unity and National Cohesion: Nigeria is a diverse country with numerous ethnic groups and religions. Peace education promotes understanding and respect among these different groups, fostering national unity. By emphasizing common values and shared goals, peace education helps to reduce ethnic and religious tensions that can lead to political instability.

(iii) Preventing Radicalization: In a country like Nigeria, where extremist groups such as Boko Haram have caused significant unrest, peace education is crucial. It promotes tolerance and critical thinking, helping to prevent the spread of extremist ideologies. Educating young people about the dangers of radicalization and providing them with alternative narratives can reduce the recruitment potential of extremist groups.

(iv) Improved Governance and Citizen Participation: Educated citizens are more likely to engage in democratic processes and demand accountable governance. Peace education fosters a sense of civic responsibility and encourages participation in political and social life. This active engagement can lead to better governance and political stability as citizens hold their leaders accountable and work towards common goals.

(v) Economic Development: Political crises and conflicts disrupt economic activities, leading to poverty and unemployment. Peace education helps to create a stable environment that is conducive to economic growth. When people are educated about the benefits of peace and stability, they are more likely to support policies and initiatives that promote economic development.

(vi) Mental Health and Well-being: The trauma of political crises can have long-lasting effects on individuals’ mental health. Peace education addresses these issues by promoting healing and reconciliation. By teaching coping mechanisms and providing support, peace education helps individuals and communities recover from the psychological impacts of conflict

(vii) Empowerment of Women and Youth: Women and youth are often the most affected by political crises. Peace education empowers these groups by involving them in peacebuilding and decision-making processes. By providing them with the knowledge and skills to contribute to peace efforts, peace education ensures that their voices are heard and their potential is realized.

Question 7: Identify five debilitating effects of French Colonial rule on her West African Colonies.

(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Economic Exploitation: The primary objective of French colonial rule was to extract resources and wealth for the benefit of France. This exploitation involved the forced labor of local populations and the extraction of raw materials, leaving the colonies economically impoverished. Infrastructure developed during this period was primarily designed to facilitate resource extraction, not to benefit local economies.

(ii) Cultural Suppression and Assimilation: French colonial policy aimed at assimilating the colonies into French culture, often at the expense of local traditions and languages. This led to the erosion of indigenous cultures and identities. Traditional practices and languages were discouraged or outright banned, leading to a loss of cultural heritage and identity among the colonized populations.

(iii) Political Repression: Colonial administrations maintained control through authoritarian measures, including censorship, imprisonment, and violence against those who opposed colonial rule. This repression stifled political freedoms and the development of local political institutions. The legacy of authoritarian governance left post-colonial states struggling to establish democratic systems

(iv) Educational Limitations: The colonial education system was designed to create a small elite who could assist in the administration of the colonies. This system neglected the broader educational needs of the population, resulting in low literacy rates and limited access to education. The focus on French language and culture in education further alienated many from their own heritage.

(v) Infrastructure Neglect: Infrastructure development under French rule was minimal and primarily served the interests of the colonial economy. Roads, railways, and ports were built to transport raw materials to Europe, not to benefit local communities. This lack of investment in comprehensive infrastructure left a legacy of underdevelopment.

(vi) Social Stratification and Inequality: French colonial policies often created and reinforced social hierarchies, privileging certain groups over others. This stratification persisted after independence, contributing to social tensions and conflicts. The creation of an elite class loyal to the colonial power often led to unequal distribution of resources and opportunities.

(vii) Environmental Degradation: The exploitation of natural resources during the colonial period led to significant environmental degradation. Practices such as intensive mining and monoculture agriculture caused long-term damage to the ecosystems. This environmental harm has had lasting impacts on the livelihoods of local populations who depend on these natural resources.

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